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Reconciling scientific approaches for organic farming research: Part II - Effects of manure types and white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivars on the productivity of grass-clover mixtures grown on a humid sandy soil

機譯：有機農業研究的科學方法協調一致：第二部分-肥料類型和白三葉草品種對濕潤沙土上生長的草-三葉草混合物生產力的影響

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This Part describes the agronomic results of the multidisciplinary grassland study. This project concerned the effects of clover varieties and spring applications of animal manure on the yield of grass-white clover mixtures on a moist sandy soil (1993-1996). To be aware of the context of the findings in a multidisciplinary approach, attention was paid to: chemical soil fertility, damage to clover by slugs and soil borne nematodes. To increase the understanding of soil fertility, earthworm dynamics were also measured. At the end of the period the botanical composition of all plots was assessed. Factors measured besides total yield and clover yield were N, P and K yield. It was found that these ‘context ’-measurements were important for the overall explanation of the scientific results. Data were used for modelling several relationships between yieldudparameters. The overall findings of this project led to an understanding and description of the main aspects of manure with regard to grass-white clover growth on a moist sandy soil.ududIt was concluded that on a moist sandy soil the amount of inorganic and organic N, the Nudrelease and the K input were the main manure factors relating to fluctuations in total yields on white clover development and on N yields in the first six years after sward establishment. The inorganic N component in manure can be used strategically to improve the growth of the herbage in spring. Maintenance of soil fertility in terms of P, K and Ca levels is an important key factor for a successful organic grass-clover sward. Carbon rich FYM derived from a deep litter stable and composted before application increased the earthworm population, reduced the number of nematodes and maintained the highest level of soil pH, all factors which might positively affect white clover growth in the long term. FYM applied in spring resulted in the typical extended growth season in the second part of the growing season. On a sandy soil the high concentration of K in the FYM positively affects the potential white clover growth.ududThe choice of a persistent white clover cultivar is another important factor affecting herbage and N yields of an organic grass-clover sward. However, winter losses were not found to be the main cause of white clover reductions over the years. Losses in the growing season were related to slugs which reduced white clover leaf area. The literature shows that the cyanide concentration in DM herbage affects the susceptibility of white clover to pests.

機譯：本部分描述了多學科草地研究的農學結果。該項目涉及三葉草品種和春季施肥對濕潤沙質土壤上草白三葉草混合物產量的影響（1993-1996）。為了了解采用多學科方法得出的結論的背景，人們關注了以下方面：化學土壤肥力，和土壤傳播的線蟲對三葉草的危害。為了增加對土壤肥力的了解，還測量了dynamic的動力學。在該階段結束時，評估所有地塊的植物組成。除總產量和三葉草產量外，其他因素還包括氮，磷和鉀的產量。發現這些“上下文”測量對于科學結果的整體解釋很重要。數據用于對yield udparameters之間的幾種關系進行建模。該項目的總體結果使人們對在潮濕的沙質土壤上草白三葉草生長的肥料的主要方面有了了解和描述。 ud ud得出的結論是，在潮濕的沙質土壤上，無機和有機物的含量氮，氮釋放和鉀輸入量是主要的肥料因素，與白三葉草發育過程中總產量的波動以及草皮建立后頭六年的氮產量有關。肥料中的無機氮成分可策略性地用于改善春季的牧草生長。以P，K和Ca含量保持土壤肥力是有機三葉草成功飼養的重要關鍵因素。富含碳的FYM來源于深層垃圾，施用前穩定并堆肥，增加了increased的數量，減少了線蟲的數量，并保持了最高的土壤pH值，所有這些因素都可能長期影響白三葉草的生長。在春季實施的FYM導致生長季節的第二部分出現典型的延長生長季節。在沙質土壤上，FYM中高濃度的K會積極影響潛在的三葉草生長。 ud ud選擇持久的三葉草栽培品種是影響有機草三葉草草料和氮素產量的另一個重要因素。然而，多年來未發現冬季損失是白三葉草減少的主要原因。生長季節的損失與減少了三葉草葉面積有關。文獻表明，DM牧草中氰化物的濃度會影響白三葉草對害蟲的敏感性。

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Baars Ton;
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年度 2002
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1. Effects of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) on plant and soil nitrogen and soil organic matter in mixtures with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). [J] . Elgersma A, Hassink J Plant and Soil . 1997,第2期

機譯：白三葉草（Trifolium repens L.）對多年生黑麥草（Lolium perenne L.）的混合物對植物和土壤氮及土壤有機質的影響。
2. Comparative productivity of irrigated short-term ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture receiving nitrogen, grown alone or in a mixture with white (Trifolium repens) and Persian (T. resupinatum) clovers [J] . K. F. Lowe A H W. J. Fulkerson B R. G. Walker A J. D. Armour C T. M. Bowdler A K. Slack D R. I. Knight E P. W. Moody F and P. M. Pepper G Animal Production Science . 2005,第1期

機譯：單獨或與白色（三葉草）和波斯（T. resupinatum）三葉草混合種植的，接受氮肥的短期灌溉黑麥草（黑麥草）牧場的比較生產力
3. Boron deficiency in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings grown in an organic soil [J] . C. G. Sherrell New Zealand journal of agricultural research . 2012,第4期

機譯：有機土壤中生長的白三葉草（Trifolium repens L.）幼苗中的硼缺乏
4. Effect of White Clover (Trifolium repens 'Huia') Cover Crop on Agronomic Properties and Soil Biology in an Organic Peach Orchard [C] . C.-E. Parveaud, C. Gomez, C. Bussi, International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture for People . 2012

機譯：白三葉草（Trifolium Repens'Huia'）涵蓋作物對有機桃樹的農藝性質和土壤生物學作物
5. Variation in flooding-induced morphological traits in natural populations of white clover (Trifolium repens) and their effects on plant performance during soil flooding [O] . Heidrun Huber, Elke Jacobs, Eric J. W. Visser 2009

機譯：白三葉（Trifolium repens）自然種群中淹水誘導的形態性狀的變化及其對土壤水淹過程中植物生長的影響
6. Comparative productivity of irrigated short-term ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture receiving nitrogen, grown alone or in a mixture with white (Trifolium repens) and Persian (T. resupinatum) clovers [O] . Lowe K.F, Fulkerson W.J., Walker R.G., 2005

機譯：單獨灌溉或與白色（Trifolium repens）和波斯（T. resupinatum）三葉草混合種植的，接受氮肥的短期灌溉黑麥草（黑麥草）牧場的比較生產力

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Reconciling scientific approaches for organic farming research: Part II - Effects of manure types and white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivars on the productivity of grass-clover mixtures grown on a humid sandy soil

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