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The archaeology of farmscapes: Production, place, and the materiality of landscape at Xaltocan, Mexico.

機(jī)譯：農(nóng)田景觀的考古學(xué)：墨西哥哈爾托坎地區(qū)的景觀的生產(chǎn)，位置和重要性。

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This dissertation is about farmscapes. Farmscapes are the landscapes produced by agriculturalists. They are physical places built, modified, and inherited. Farmers cultivate to feed their families but also to produce a surplus to meet other obligations and opportunities. They cooperate and interact. They teach children knowledge about physical and conceptual worlds. They undertake rituals that concretize communal and spiritual obligations and provide a rhythm between diverse spatialities and temporalities. As lived space, they are connected to but independent from the patterns of life of other social spaces, such as the household.;This dissertation is about a specific farmscape: the chinampa landscape of the Postclassic (ca. A.D. 1000-1400) kingdom of Xaltocan in the northern Basin of Mexico. Xaltocan influenced much of this region. By the end of the 14th century A.D. it was conquered by an alliance of several kingdoms.;As the community developed, residents constructed chinampas in the surrounding lake. The system was highly integrated, requiring supra-household cooperation. Farmers integrated an abandoned shrine into the design of the chinampa system. The shrine was first used for mass human sacrifice during the Epiclassic period (A.D. 600-800), but later rituals materialized more communal relations.;The chinampa system covered about 1500 ha and was capable of supporting far more than Xaltocan's population. The farmscape was tied to Xaltocan's state. Political relations, communal relations, and systems of property became progressively interdependent. With the rise of more family-based systems of property, the cessation of collective ritual, and eventual warfare, the network of cooperative relations broke down, and farmers abandoned their farmscape.;Later residents living under the Aztec and Spanish empires inherited the material imprints of earlier people. They maintained different ways of life but used the canals for fishing and returned to the same shrine to conduct rituals.;Farmscapes necessitate detailed study. They require extensive excavations and multiple lines of data: historic sources; remote sensing data; Geographic Information Systems; stratigraphic, soil chemistry, artifact, archaeobotanical, and osteological data analyses. Integrating each of these lines of data enables the reconstruction of Xaltocan's farmscape across time and space and situates it as part of a broader landscape.

機(jī)譯：本文是關(guān)于農(nóng)田景觀的。農(nóng)田景觀是農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)的景觀。它們是建造，修改和繼承的物理場(chǎng)所。農(nóng)民不僅要養(yǎng)家糊口，還要有剩余來(lái)滿足其他義務(wù)和機(jī)會(huì)。他們合作和互動(dòng)。他們教孩子關(guān)于物理和概念世界的知識(shí)。他們進(jìn)行的儀式具體化了公共和精神義務(wù)，并在不同的空間和時(shí)間之間提供了節(jié)奏。作為生活空間，它們與其他社會(huì)空間（例如家庭）的生活模式聯(lián)系在一起，但又彼此獨(dú)立，這是與一種特定的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀有關(guān)的：后古典（約公元1000-1400年）王國(guó)的瓷器景觀。 Xaltocan在墨西哥北部盆地。 Xaltocan影響了該地區(qū)的大部分地區(qū)。到公元14世紀(jì)末，它被幾個(gè)王國(guó)的聯(lián)盟所征服。隨著社區(qū)的發(fā)展，居民在周圍的湖泊中建造了瓷器。該系統(tǒng)高度集成，需要超家庭合作。農(nóng)民將廢棄的神社整合到了chinampa系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)中。該神社最初是在Epiclassic時(shí)期（公元600-800年）用于大規(guī)模的人類犧牲，但后來(lái)的儀式又實(shí)現(xiàn)了更多的族群關(guān)系。Chinampa系統(tǒng)占地約1500公頃，能夠支持的人口遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)Xaltocan的人口。農(nóng)場(chǎng)景觀與哈爾托坎州息息相關(guān)。政治關(guān)系，公共關(guān)系和財(cái)產(chǎn)制度逐漸相互依存。隨著更多以家庭為基礎(chǔ)的財(cái)產(chǎn)制度的興起，集體儀式的結(jié)束和最終的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)束，合作關(guān)系的網(wǎng)絡(luò)破裂，農(nóng)民放棄了他們的農(nóng)場(chǎng)景觀。居住在阿茲臺(tái)克人和西班牙帝國(guó)下的后來(lái)居民繼承了物質(zhì)烙印較早的人。他們維持著不同的生活方式，但使用運(yùn)河進(jìn)行捕魚并返回同一座神社進(jìn)行儀式。農(nóng)場(chǎng)景觀需要詳細(xì)研究。他們需要大量挖掘和多行數(shù)據(jù)：歷史資料；遙感數(shù)據(jù)；地理信息系統(tǒng)；地層學(xué)，土壤化學(xué)，人工制品，考古植物學(xué)和骨科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)分析。整合這些數(shù)據(jù)中的每條數(shù)據(jù)，就可以在時(shí)空上重建Xaltocan的農(nóng)場(chǎng)景觀，并將其定位為更廣闊景觀的一部分。

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作者
Morehart, Christopher T.;
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作者單位

Northwestern University.;

展開(kāi)▼
授予單位 Northwestern University.;
學(xué)科 Anthropology Archaeology.;History Latin American.;Agriculture General.;Water Resource Management.
學(xué)位 Ph.D.
年度 2010
頁(yè)碼 456 p.
總頁(yè)數(shù) 456
原文格式 PDF
正文語(yǔ)種 eng
中圖分類
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The archaeology of farmscapes: Production, place, and the materiality of landscape at Xaltocan, Mexico.

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